Osteopathic Treatment of Low Back Pain

Inclusion Criteria: * between the age of 19 and 55 years old, * able to walk without assistance and /or assistive devices at least 4.7 meters. * have adequate hearing acuity to detect verbal instructions. * have adequate visual acuity to walk safely in usual ambient lighting without holding onto objects. * be able to speak and comprehend English, * have sufficient cognitive ability to follow instructions, and to provide informed consent, as defined by a Mini Mental Status Examination score of greater than 23 out of 30, performed by the research coordinator. Exclusion Criteria: * have had neurological signs and symptoms, or complications such as tumor or infection. * are active in a claim pertaining to a motor vehicle accident or work injury or under any litigation for their pain. * have had previous osteopathic treatment in the last year. * had more than one abdominal surgery, or spinal fracture, or structural deformity such as scoliosis or spondylolithesis (Hubley-Kozey, 2002) * have severe cardiopulmonary disease as determined by a health questionnaire with symptoms such as shortness of breath or chest pain on mild exertion or at rest, * history of severe neurological disorder that impairs balance and mobility eg stroke, Parkinson's disease, peripheral neuropathy * have pain that leads to severe discomfort with minimal movement, * have significant musculoskeletal impairment e.g. arthritis that leads to severe discomfort with walking that could lead to an abnormal gait, * have cognitive compromise impairing ability to care for oneself, and ability to provide informed consent, * have dizziness while standing, * have a history of falls in previous month that might make it unsafe to participate in a gait study