Interventions studied in chronic pain trials

• Drugs

  Medicines given by mouth, injection, patch or other routes. Registry records list the drug name and sometimes the comparison, such as a placebo. Being studied does not mean a drug is approved for that use in Canada.

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• Devices

  Equipment such as spinal cord stimulators, peripheral nerve stimulators, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) units and implanted pain pumps that deliver medicine near the spinal cord.

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• Procedures

  Interventions carried out by a clinician, for example nerve blocks, epidural or joint injections, and radiofrequency ablation of nerves.

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• Behavioural and psychological

  Approaches such as cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), acceptance and commitment therapy, mindfulness programs, pain education and self-management courses.

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• Physical and movement

  Physiotherapy, exercise programs, manual therapy and graded activity, delivered in person or online.

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• Other

  Dietary supplements, complementary therapies, digital health tools and models of care such as interdisciplinary programs.

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All 300 interventions

Labels are as entered by registrants, so placebo, control and similar terms appear as separate entries.

• Drug: Placebo0 Canada · 333 total
• Other: Placebo0 Canada · 70 total
• Other: Exercise0 Canada · 40 total
• Drug: placebo39 Canada · 39 total
• Drug: Ketamine2 Canada · 38 total
• Drug: Duloxetine0 Canada · 28 total
• Drug: Pregabalin0 Canada · 25 total
• Other: Control1 Canada · 24 total
• Drug: Lidocaine0 Canada · 23 total
• Other: Usual Care0 Canada · 23 total
• Drug: Gabapentin0 Canada · 21 total
• Drug: Bupivacaine5 Canada · 20 total
• Other: No intervention0 Canada · 20 total
• Drug: Dexmedetomidine0 Canada · 19 total
• Procedure: Acupuncture0 Canada · 18 total
• Behavioral: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy0 Canada · 18 total
• Drug: Saline1 Canada · 18 total
• Other: Questionnaire0 Canada · 18 total
• Drug: Ropivacaine0 Canada · 17 total
• Other: Control group0 Canada · 17 total
• Drug: Morphine0 Canada · 16 total
• Device: TENS1 Canada · 16 total
• Drug: fentanyl0 Canada · 15 total
• Device: Acupuncture0 Canada · 15 total
• Other: Usual care0 Canada · 15 total
• Drug: Methadone1 Canada · 14 total
• Behavioral: Yoga1 Canada · 14 total
• Drug: Buprenorphine0 Canada · 14 total
• Drug: Fentanyl1 Canada · 14 total
• Other: Yoga0 Canada · 14 total
• Device: Sham0 Canada · 14 total
• Other: Acupuncture0 Canada · 13 total
• Other: Questionnaires1 Canada · 13 total
• Other: Pain Neuroscience Education0 Canada · 13 total
• Dietary supplement: Placebo0 Canada · 12 total
• Other: Physiotherapy0 Canada · 12 total
• Other: Control Group0 Canada · 12 total
• Behavioral: Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)0 Canada · 12 total
• Behavioral: Acceptance and Commitment Therapy0 Canada · 12 total
• Behavioral: Empowered Relief0 Canada · 12 total
• Behavioral: Exercise0 Canada · 11 total
• Behavioral: Education0 Canada · 11 total
• Device: Spinal Cord Stimulation0 Canada · 11 total
• Other: placebo6 Canada · 11 total
• Drug: Placebos3 Canada · 11 total
• Other: Dry needling0 Canada · 11 total
• Other: Pain neuroscience education1 Canada · 11 total
• Behavioral: Pain Neuroscience Education1 Canada · 11 total
• Device: Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)0 Canada · 10 total
• Drug: Buprenorphine transdermal patch0 Canada · 10 total
• Other: questionnaire administration0 Canada · 10 total
• Drug: JNJ-421604438 Canada · 10 total
• Behavioral: Control0 Canada · 10 total
• Drug: Dexamethasone1 Canada · 10 total
• Other: conventional physical therapy0 Canada · 10 total
• Drug: Ranolazine2 Canada · 9 total
• Drug: Paracetamol0 Canada · 9 total
• Device: Sham rTMS2 Canada · 9 total
• Device: Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation0 Canada · 9 total
• Other: Manual Therapy0 Canada · 9 total
• Other: Sham0 Canada · 9 total
• Drug: Cannabidiol0 Canada · 9 total
• Other: exercise1 Canada · 9 total
• Drug: Ropivacaine 0.2% Injectable Solution0 Canada · 9 total
• Procedure: Erector spinae plane block0 Canada · 9 total
• Other: visual analog scale0 Canada · 9 total
• Drug: Oxycodone0 Canada · 8 total
• Drug: Tramadol0 Canada · 8 total
• Behavioral: Mindfulness0 Canada · 8 total
• Drug: Naproxen0 Canada · 8 total
• Device: Placebo1 Canada · 8 total
• Drug: Remifentanil0 Canada · 8 total
• Drug: Normal saline0 Canada · 8 total
• Behavioral: Health Education0 Canada · 8 total
• Device: tDCS0 Canada · 8 total
• Other: Conventional Physical Therapy0 Canada · 8 total
• Drug: Normal Saline0 Canada · 8 total
• Device: Ultrasound0 Canada · 8 total
• Other: Questionnaire Administration1 Canada · 8 total
• Behavioral: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)0 Canada · 8 total
• Procedure: Dry needling0 Canada · 8 total
• Drug: Psilocybin1 Canada · 8 total
• Other: Conventional Physiotherapy0 Canada · 8 total
• Drug: Amitriptyline0 Canada · 7 total
• Drug: Bicifadine0 Canada · 7 total
• Drug: Ibuprofen0 Canada · 7 total
• Device: Transcranial direct current stimulation0 Canada · 7 total
• Device: Spinal Cord Stimulator1 Canada · 7 total
• Other: Exercises0 Canada · 7 total
• Behavioral: Tai Chi0 Canada · 7 total
• Other: Manual therapy0 Canada · 7 total
• Other: Conventional physical therapy0 Canada · 7 total
• Device: Sham acupuncture0 Canada · 7 total
• Other: Conventional treatment0 Canada · 7 total
• Drug: Oxytocin0 Canada · 7 total
• Other: Therapeutic Exercise0 Canada · 7 total
• Other: conventional therapy0 Canada · 7 total
• Drug: Adezunap (AP707)0 Canada · 7 total
• Drug: Ziconotide0 Canada · 6 total
• Procedure: psychosocial assessment and care0 Canada · 6 total
• Drug: pregabalin11 Canada · 6 total
• Procedure: quality-of-life assessment0 Canada · 6 total
• Behavioral: CBT0 Canada · 6 total
• Other: Physical Therapy0 Canada · 6 total
• Drug: PF-04457845, FAAH inhibitor0 Canada · 6 total
• Drug: Naldemedine1 Canada · 6 total
• Device: transcranial direct current stimulation1 Canada · 6 total
• Behavioral: Questionnaires0 Canada · 6 total
• Behavioral: Mindfulness Meditation0 Canada · 6 total
• Other: no intervention0 Canada · 6 total
• Other: physiotherapy1 Canada · 6 total
• Other: Therapeutic exercise0 Canada · 6 total
• Procedure: Radiofrequency ablation1 Canada · 6 total
• Device: Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation0 Canada · 6 total
• Behavioral: Emotional Awareness and Expression Therapy0 Canada · 6 total
• Other: Treatment as usual0 Canada · 6 total
• Behavioral: Pain Reprocessing Therapy1 Canada · 6 total
• Procedure: Physical Therapy0 Canada · 5 total
• Procedure: massage0 Canada · 5 total
• Drug: Celecoxib2 Canada · 5 total
• Drug: Topiramate0 Canada · 5 total
• Device: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation0 Canada · 5 total
• Drug: Buprenorphine transdermal delivery system0 Canada · 5 total
• Drug: Placebo oral capsule0 Canada · 5 total
• Other: Home exercise0 Canada · 5 total
• Drug: Botox2 Canada · 5 total
• Other: Observation1 Canada · 5 total
• Procedure: Electroacupuncture0 Canada · 5 total
• Drug: Triamcinolone0 Canada · 5 total
• Drug: oxycodone hydrochloride0 Canada · 5 total
• Biological: Placebo1 Canada · 5 total
• Drug: Lidoderm®0 Canada · 5 total
• Behavioral: Control group0 Canada · 5 total
• Drug: Matching Placebo2 Canada · 5 total
• Drug: Tapentadol0 Canada · 5 total
• Other: TENS0 Canada · 5 total
• Device: acupuncture0 Canada · 5 total
• Other: Massage0 Canada · 5 total
• Drug: Milnacipran0 Canada · 5 total
• Drug: Diclofenac0 Canada · 5 total
• Procedure: Placebo0 Canada · 5 total
• Other: Standard of care0 Canada · 5 total
• Device: Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS)0 Canada · 5 total
• Other: Health Education0 Canada · 5 total
• Other: Physical therapy0 Canada · 5 total
• Behavioral: Pain Education0 Canada · 5 total
• Device: sham tDCS0 Canada · 5 total
• Other: No Intervention1 Canada · 5 total
• Other: Dry Needling0 Canada · 5 total
• Drug: Naloxone0 Canada · 5 total
• Device: Implantation with the commercially available Axium neurostimulator0 Canada · 5 total
• Device: Sham tDCS0 Canada · 5 total
• Device: Sham Device0 Canada · 5 total
• Behavioral: Usual care0 Canada · 5 total
• Drug: normal saline1 Canada · 5 total
• Device: Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation0 Canada · 5 total
• Other: Education0 Canada · 5 total
• Behavioral: Psychotherapy0 Canada · 5 total
• Other: Music Therapy0 Canada · 5 total
• Other: Treatment as Usual1 Canada · 5 total
• Device: Immersive Virtual Reality0 Canada · 5 total
• Device: Evoke Spinal Cord Stimulation (SCS) System0 Canada · 5 total
• Behavioral: Pain Neuroscience Education (PNE)0 Canada · 5 total
• Device: Spinal cord stimulation1 Canada · 5 total
• Other: Muscle Energy Technique0 Canada · 5 total
• Other: Emotional intervention0 Canada · 5 total
• Procedure: pain therapy0 Canada · 4 total
• Procedure: management of therapy complications1 Canada · 4 total
• Drug: gabapentin1 Canada · 4 total
• Device: Precision Spinal Cord Stimulation System0 Canada · 4 total
• Drug: topiramate0 Canada · 4 total
• Drug: Cannabis0 Canada · 4 total
• Drug: morphine0 Canada · 4 total
• Behavioral: Psychoeducation1 Canada · 4 total
• Behavioral: Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction1 Canada · 4 total
• Drug: duloxetine0 Canada · 4 total
• Behavioral: Cognitive Behavioural Therapy1 Canada · 4 total
• Procedure: Radiofrequency denervation0 Canada · 4 total
• Drug: Acetaminophen1 Canada · 4 total
• Device: rTMS0 Canada · 4 total
• Drug: lidocaine6 Canada · 4 total
• Other: Standard Care2 Canada · 4 total
• Drug: Midazolam0 Canada · 4 total
• Drug: Oxymorphone ER0 Canada · 4 total
• Behavioral: cognitive behavioral therapy0 Canada · 4 total
• Drug: Placebo for naproxen0 Canada · 4 total
• Drug: GRT60050 Canada · 4 total
• Drug: Sufentanil0 Canada · 4 total
• Drug: Tapentadol Prolonged Release0 Canada · 4 total
• Drug: PF-045310830 Canada · 4 total
• Behavioral: Treatment as Usual0 Canada · 4 total
• Other: Cognitive Functional Therapy0 Canada · 4 total
• Drug: Hydrocodone ER0 Canada · 4 total
• Drug: Nabiximols0 Canada · 4 total
• Other: Observational0 Canada · 4 total
• Behavioral: Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction3 Canada · 4 total
• Behavioral: Mindfulness-Oriented Recovery Enhancement0 Canada · 4 total
• Other: Neurofeedback0 Canada · 4 total
• Procedure: Sham0 Canada · 4 total
• Drug: CB-59450 Canada · 4 total
• Procedure: Manual Therapy1 Canada · 4 total
• Drug: Cebranopadol0 Canada · 4 total
• Device: Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)0 Canada · 4 total
• Other: Pain education0 Canada · 4 total
• Procedure: physical therapy0 Canada · 4 total
• Device: Active tDCS0 Canada · 4 total
• Device: Active rTMS2 Canada · 4 total
• Other: Motor Control Exercises1 Canada · 4 total
• Device: Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation0 Canada · 4 total
• Drug: Sevoflurane0 Canada · 4 total
• Other: usual care1 Canada · 4 total
• Behavioral: Mindfulness meditation1 Canada · 4 total
• Other: Assessment0 Canada · 4 total
• Other: Rehabilitation0 Canada · 4 total
• Drug: Ketamine Hydrochloride2 Canada · 4 total
• Other: dry needling1 Canada · 4 total
• Other: Spinal Manipulation0 Canada · 4 total
• Other: Standard of Care1 Canada · 4 total
• Other: Exercise therapy0 Canada · 4 total
• Other: Pilates0 Canada · 4 total
• Behavioral: Cognitive Functional Therapy0 Canada · 4 total
• Procedure: radiofrequency0 Canada · 4 total
• Device: active tDCS0 Canada · 4 total
• Drug: Ropivacaine injection0 Canada · 4 total
• Drug: Botulinum toxin type A0 Canada · 4 total
• Behavioral: Patient Education0 Canada · 4 total
• Other: Spinal manipulation1 Canada · 4 total
• Other: exercises1 Canada · 4 total
• Other: Evaluation0 Canada · 4 total
• Device: Dornier Aries 2 device0 Canada · 4 total
• Device: Transcranial magnetic stimulation1 Canada · 4 total
• Behavioral: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Pain0 Canada · 4 total
• Biological: Erenumab0 Canada · 4 total
• Behavioral: Cognitive Behavior Therapy0 Canada · 4 total
• Behavioral: Physical Therapy0 Canada · 4 total
• Behavioral: Mindfulness Oriented Recovery Enhancement0 Canada · 4 total
• Drug: BAY18170800 Canada · 4 total
• Behavioral: Treatment as Usual (TAU)0 Canada · 4 total
• Procedure: Conventional Physiotherapy0 Canada · 4 total
• Other: Integrative Yoga Therapy0 Canada · 4 total
• Other: Conventional Rehabilitation0 Canada · 4 total
• Other: Myofascial release technique1 Canada · 4 total
• Device: EaseVRx0 Canada · 4 total
• Procedure: Exercise0 Canada · 4 total
• Drug: VER-010 Canada · 4 total
• Other: Conventional physiotherapy0 Canada · 4 total
• Procedure: Spinal cord stimulation0 Canada · 4 total
• Behavioral: Music Therapy0 Canada · 4 total
• Drug: Esketamine0 Canada · 4 total
• Other: Interview0 Canada · 4 total
• Device: Sham (No Treatment)0 Canada · 4 total
• Other: conventional treatment0 Canada · 4 total
• Behavioral: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Pain (CBT-CP)0 Canada · 4 total
• Drug: Lidocain0 Canada · 4 total
• Drug: Magnesium sulfate0 Canada · 4 total
• Other: Myofascial release0 Canada · 4 total
• Other: Standardized Physiotherapy Treatment0 Canada · 4 total
• Procedure: MTrPs Injection0 Canada · 4 total
• Drug: Capsaicin0 Canada · 3 total
• Drug: Desipramine1 Canada · 3 total
• Procedure: spinal manipulation0 Canada · 3 total
• Procedure: acupuncture0 Canada · 3 total
• Behavioral: relaxation0 Canada · 3 total
• Drug: Placebo Gel0 Canada · 3 total
• Behavioral: Coping Skills Training0 Canada · 3 total
• Drug: D-cycloserine0 Canada · 3 total
• Behavioral: Cognitive behavioral therapy1 Canada · 3 total
• Procedure: nerve block0 Canada · 3 total
• Drug: Oxymorphone Extended Release0 Canada · 3 total
• Drug: Propofol1 Canada · 3 total
• Biological: Botulinum toxin type A0 Canada · 3 total
• Behavioral: Home exercise1 Canada · 3 total
• Device: Precision0 Canada · 3 total
• Behavioral: Aerobic exercise1 Canada · 3 total
• Drug: Tramadol HCl ER0 Canada · 3 total
• Drug: clonidine0 Canada · 3 total
• Behavioral: Hyp-80 Canada · 3 total
• Drug: Oxycodone CR1 Canada · 3 total
• Drug: Tegaserod0 Canada · 3 total
• Drug: MOA-7280 Canada · 3 total
• Device: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation1 Canada · 3 total
• Procedure: Spinal Manipulation1 Canada · 3 total
• Drug: Nabilone3 Canada · 3 total
• Behavioral: Pain self-management program2 Canada · 3 total
• Drug: HZT-5010 Canada · 3 total
• Drug: NSAID1 Canada · 3 total
• Drug: Oxycodone/Naloxone0 Canada · 3 total
• Drug: Capadenoson (BAY 68-4986)0 Canada · 3 total
• Behavioral: Questionnaire0 Canada · 3 total
• Drug: Diphenhydramine1 Canada · 3 total
• Other: exercise program0 Canada · 3 total
• Drug: RGH-8960 Canada · 3 total
• Biological: Placebo for tanezumab0 Canada · 3 total
• Procedure: fatigue assessment and management0 Canada · 3 total
• Drug: Sugar pill0 Canada · 3 total
• Procedure: assessment of therapy complications0 Canada · 3 total
• Drug: Tapentadol PR0 Canada · 3 total
• Other: Hypnosis0 Canada · 3 total
• Other: Neurofeedback training0 Canada · 3 total
• Drug: Placebo solution0 Canada · 3 total