A Prospective Investigation of the Risks of Opioid Misuse, Abuse, and Addiction Among Patients Treated With Opioids for the Treatment of Chronic Pain

Eligibility Criteria for the Prospective Study Inclusion Criteria: * Initiation\* of ER/LA opioid therapy that includes 28+ days of an ER/LA followed by a subsequent ER/LA prescription (ER/LA initiators) or initiation\*\* of long-term opioid therapy (LtOT - 90+ days of use) with ER/LA and/or Schedule II IR/SA opioids (LtOT initiators). * Age 18-79 years at incident prescription * Enrolled in the health plan (HCSRN sites) or regularly receiving care in the health system (VA and PBRNs) for at least 12 months prior to incident use of opioids * Ability to complete interview/self-administered questionnaires in English * Willing and able to provide informed consent * Initiation or new use of ER/LA therapy defined as no ER/LA opioid use in the prior six-months \*\* Initiation or new LtOT use defined as no ER/LA or Schedule II IR/SA opioid use in the prior six-months Exclusion Criteria: * Not using an ER/LA or Schedule II IR/SA opioid at the time of recruitment or first interview (self-report) * Cognitive impairment that interferes with the ability to consent or participate in the interview * Unavailable for 12 months of follow-up (self-report) * Receiving hospice care (EHR and recruitment screening) * Diagnosis of a terminal illness in the prior 12 months per chart review or recruitment screening * Existing opioid use disorder (ICD-9 and ICD-10 diagnosis codes) * Medication assisted treatment with methadone or buprenorphine (self-report) Eligibility Criteria - Cross Sectional Study: Inclusion Criteria: * Regular opioid use in the past year with at least 1 prescription for an ER/LA opioid. See Figure 4 for specifics on how these criteria are operationalized. * Age 18-79 years at index prescription Enrolled in the health plan (HCSRN sites) or regularly receiving care in the health system (VA and PBRNs) for at least 12 months prior to index date. * Ability to complete interview/self-administered questionnaires in English * Willing and able to provide informed consent Exclusion Criteria: * Not using an opioid at the time of recruitment or first interview (self-report) * Cognitive impairment that interferes with the ability to consent or participate in the interview * Receiving hospice care (EHR and recruitment screening)