Osteopathic Single CAse Research for Patients With Chronic Low Back Pain

Inclusion Criteria: * 18 or more years old * agree to take part in the study and provide formal online consent after having been assessed as capable of providing informed consent by the osteopath * Being fluent enough in English to be able to understand content of consent forms (and participate in osteopathic treatment without an interpreter) * Presenting with non-specific low back pain of a duration of a minimum of 12 weeks) * NRS score between 5 and 9 on a 11-point scale * PSFS score between 2 and 7 at baseline * Who can be contacted by email * Available for an appointment within two days around the randomisation date Exclusion Criteria: * Under 18 * Lacking capacity to give consent * Presenting with low back pain with a known or suspected pathological cause (e.g. infection, cancer or fracture) * People for whom osteopathic treatment may be contra-indicated (as assessed by the osteopath in the initial consultation) or who disclose information during their course of treatment which requires referral for other medical investigations or care * LBP of less than 12 weeks * NRS score below 5 or above 9 * PSFS score above below 2 or above 7 * Patients providing less than 3 data points during baseline