Transcranial Electrical Stimulation for Treating Chronic Pain in Inflammatory Demyelinating Diseases

Inclusion Criteria: Patients diagnosed with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, multiple sclerosis, or other central nervous system inflammatory demyelinating diseases that meet the diagnostic criteria; Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) pain score ≥4; Age between 18 and 65 years, regardless of gender; Stable dose of immunosuppressive therapy for at least one month; EDSS score ≤6; Right-handed; Agree to participate and sign the informed consent form. Exclusion Criteria: A history of relapse within the past month; Recent medication adjustments or treatment with modified electroconvulsive therapy, transcranial magnetic stimulation, or other neurostimulation techniques within the past month; Participation in any other clinical trial within the past month or currently participating in another clinical trial; Presence of cochlear implants, pacemakers, or implanted stimulators in the brain; Skin integrity at the electrode placement site is compromised, or allergy to electrode gel or adhesive; A history of epilepsy, hydrocephalus, central nervous system tumors, brain injury, or intracranial infections; Pregnant or breastfeeding women, or those planning to become pregnant in the near future; A score of ≥3 on item 3 (suicide item) of the HDRS-17, or a history of severe psychiatric disorders; Presence of severe or unstable organic diseases; Poor patient compliance preventing cooperation with treatment, follow-up, or clinical, EEG, and imaging data collection; Any other situation deemed unsuitable for participation in the study by the investigator.