Effect Of Paraspinal Muscle Thickness On The Benefit Of Core Stabilization

Inclusion Criteria: * Diagnosis of chronic low back pain: Participants had to have experienced low back pain for at least 3 months, * Lumbar MRI findings without severe pathology requiring surgical intervention: Participants' lumbar MRI scans, performed at least 6 months prior to enrollment, had to show evidence of low back pain-related findings but exclude conditions necessitating surgical treatment. * Willingness to participate in the study and provide informed consent: Participants had to voluntarily agree to take part in the research and provide their written informed consent. Exclusion Criteria: * History of prior spinal surgery: Individuals who had undergone any previous surgical procedures on their spine were not eligible. Diagnosis of a neurological or rheumatological disease: Participants with pre-existing neurological conditions (e.g., radiculopathy with significant motor deficit) or rheumatological diseases (e.g., ankylosing spondylitis) were excluded. * Cardiovascular or pulmonary comorbidities: Individuals with significant heart or lung conditions that could affect their ability to participate in the exercise program were excluded. * Osteoporosis or osteoporotic vertebral fracture: Participants with known osteoporosis or a history of vertebral fracture due to osteoporosis were not eligible. * Currently receiving physical therapy modalities or oral/algologic injections for low back pain: Individuals already undergoing other active treatments for their low back pain were excluded to avoid confounding the results. * Unwillingness to participate in the study or provide informed consent: Individuals who did not want to take part in the research or were unable to provide their written informed consent were excluded.