Trunk Control Training and Walking in Older Adults

Inclusion Criteria (Healthy volunteers): * Men and women, ages 60 - 85 years * English fluent * Able to perform activities such as walking, standing, sitting, bending, or lifting without assistance * Low back pain-free for at least 1 months, characterized by a pain numerical rating scale of \<2 (out of 10), and/or \<5 (out of 24) on the Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire * Able to walk without assistance on surfaces of brick, sidewalk, dirt, grass, treadmill, and flat walkway Inclusion Criteria (Patient group): * Men and women, ages 60 - 85 years * English fluent * Current chronic low back pain (lasting at least 1 months) that care was sought for at BIDMC within the past year. * Pain numerical rating scale of 2-7 (out of 10) and/or 5-19 (out of 24) on the Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire * Able to perform activities such as walking, standing, sitting, bending, or lifting without assistance * Able to walk without assistance on surfaces of brick, sidewalk, dirt, grass, treadmill, and flat walkway Exclusion Criteria (all subjects): * Self-reported conditions that might alter spine biomechanics, such as a history of traumatic spine injury or spinal surgery; severe scoliosis which needed brace or surgical treatment; neuromuscular conditions such as Parkinson's disease, hemiplegia, symptomatic spinal stenosis, multiple Sclerosis, or muscular dystrophy. * Back pain with confirmed diagnosis of underlying diseases or structural anomalies such as rheumatoid arthritis, meningitis, or cancer. * Severe LBP of greater than 7 (out of maximum 10) on self-report pain VAS. (Subjects otherwise eligible and interested will be followed up weekly and scheduled if LBP subsides to below 7/10 on pain VAS). * Experienced dizziness, lightheadedness, vertigo, or imbalance within the past three months that occurs frequently (3 times or more) or two or more falls in the past year. * Use of narcotics * Latex allergies * Visual problems that are not corrected by glasses/contact lenses. * Self-reported recent musculoskeletal injury that is currently severely affecting normal activity or movement. Examples of this could include sprains, strains, dislocations, or fractures that prevent one from walking, standing, sitting, bending, or lifting in a normal manner. * A score ≥10 on the Short Blessed Test, suggesting possible impaired cognitive function or dementia. * Two\* or more of the following self-reported limits in physical function: * Needing help in activities of daily living …