A Superiority Trial of Radiofrequency Ablation for Low Back Pain

Inclusion Criteria: * Age ≥18 years * CLBP of duration ≥ 3 months. Low back pain is defined as occurring between the lower posterior margin of the rib cage and the horizontal gluteal fold. * Low back pain intensity numerical rating scale (NRS) ≥ 4 with one of the following prior to LRFA: 1) Current low back pain intensity, 2) Average pain over past 7 days, OR 3) Pain intensity without specification of recall period * Has had conservative treatments for CLBP (physical therapy, exercise therapy, spinal manipulation, massage, acupuncture, etc.) * Candidate for unilateral LRFA (L1-S1 joints; ≤3 levels); or bilateral LRFA (L1-S1 joints; ≤2 levels) * 'Positive responses' (≥80% improvement of CLBP pain intensity) to 2 sets of anesthetic-only MBBs (≤0.5cc of local anesthetic) * Able to read, speak, and understand English sufficient for informed consent purposes * Stated willingness to comply with all study processes and availability for the duration of the study, and provision of a signed and dated informed consent form Exclusion Criteria: * CLBP attributed primarily to specific spine-related conditions (radiculopathy, lumbar spinal stenosis, spinal instability), 'red flag' conditions (infection / malignancy / fracture), and/or inflammatory arthritis (RA, SpA, etc.) * Prior LRFA * Prior lumbar facet joint (intra-articular or medial branch nerve) corticosteroid injections (past 6 months) * Surgery involving one or more of spinal levels where LRFA is to be performed, in the past 2 years * Lumbar fusion involving the spinal levels where LRFA is considered, at any time * Prior known severe lumbar central canal stenosis on MRI as defined by Lee (2011): obliteration of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and marked compression of dural sac, and none of the cauda equina can be visually separated from each other. No new MRIs would be done specifically as part of the study processes. * Prior formal diagnosis of fibromyalgia by a rheumatologist (diagnosis by primary care physician or pain medicine specialist is not sufficient) * Unstable psychiatric or terminal medical conditions that would limit study participation and the likelihood of follow-up for 12 months post-randomization * Pregnancy, being a prisoner, or having a prior formal diagnosis of cognitive impairment by a neuropsychologist or neurologist, confirmed by health record documentation * Participant report of prior formal diagnosis of cognitive impairment by a neuropsychologist or neurologist can be obtained, but part…